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The War Profiteers - War Crimes,
Kidnappings & Torture |
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August 12th,
2009 - 2 U.S. Architects of Harsh Tactics in 9/11’s Wake |
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2 U.S. Architects of Harsh
Tactics in 9/11’s Wake By Scott Shane New York Times August 12, 2009 Washington - Jim Mitchell
and Bruce Jessen were military retirees and psychologists, on the lookout for
business opportunities. They found an excellent customer in the Central
Intelligence Agency, where in 2002 they became the architects of the most
important interrogation program in the history of American counterterrorism. They had never carried out a
real interrogation, only mock sessions in the military training they had
overseen. They had no relevant scholarship; their Ph.D. dissertations were on
high blood pressure and family therapy. They had no language skills and no
expertise on Al Qaeda. But they had psychology
credentials and an intimate knowledge of a brutal treatment regimen used
decades ago by Chinese Communists. For an administration eager to get tough
on those who had killed 3,000 Americans, that was enough. So “Doc Mitchell” and “Doc
Jessen,” as they had been known in the Air Force, helped lead the United
States into a wrenching conflict over torture, terror and values that seven
years later has not run its course. Dr. Mitchell, with a
sonorous Southern accent and the sometimes overbearing confidence of a
self-made man, was a former Air Force explosives expert and a natural
salesman. Dr. Jessen, raised on an Idaho potato farm, joined his Air Force
colleague to build a thriving business that made millions of dollars selling
interrogation and training services to the C.I.A. Seven months after President
Obama ordered the C.I.A. interrogation program closed, its fallout still
commands attention. In the next few weeks, Attorney General Eric H. Holder
Jr. is expected to decide whether to begin a criminal torture investigation,
in which the psychologists’ role is likely to come under scrutiny. The
Justice Department ethics office is expected to complete a report on the
lawyers who pronounced the methods legal. And the C.I.A. will soon release a
highly critical 2004 report on the program by the agency’s inspector general. Col. Steven M. Kleinman, an
Air Force interrogator and intelligence officer who knows Dr. Mitchell and
Dr. Jessen, said he thought loyalty to their country in the panicky wake of
the Sept. 11 attacks prompted their excursion into interrogation. He said the
result was a tragedy for the country, and for them. “I feel their primary motivation
was they thought they had skills and insights that would make the nation
safer,” Colonel Kleinman said. “But good persons in extreme circumstances can
do horrific things.” For the C.I.A., as well as
for the gray-goateed Dr. Mitchell, 58, and the trim, dark-haired Dr. Jessen,
60, the change in administrations has been neck-snapping. For years,
President George W. Bush declared the interrogation program lawful and
praised it for stopping attacks. Mr. Obama, by contrast, asserted that its
brutality rallied recruits for Al Qaeda; called one of the methods,
waterboarding, torture; and, in his first visit to the C.I.A., suggested that
the interrogation program was among the agency’s “mistakes.” The psychologists’
subsequent fall from official grace has been as swift as their rise in 2002.
Today the offices of Mitchell Jessen and Associates, the lucrative business
they operated from a handsome century-old building in downtown Spokane,
Wash., sit empty, its C.I.A. contracts abruptly terminated last spring. With a possible criminal
inquiry looming, Dr. Mitchell and Dr. Jessen have retained a well-known
defense lawyer, Henry F. Schuelke III. Mr. Schuelke said they would not
comment for this article, which is based on dozens of interviews with the
doctors’ colleagues and present and former government officials. In a brief e-mail exchange
in June, Dr. Mitchell said his nondisclosure agreement with the C.I.A.
prevented him from commenting. He suggested that his work had been
mischaracterized. “Ask around,” Dr. Mitchell
wrote, “and I’m sure you will find all manner of ‘experts’ who will be
willing to make up what you’d like to hear on the spot and unrestrained by
reality.” A Career Shift At the time of the Sept. 11
attacks, Dr. Mitchell had just retired from his last military job, as
psychologist to an elite special operations unit in North Carolina. Showing
his entrepreneurial streak, he had started a training company called
Knowledge Works, which he operated from his new home in Florida, to
supplement retirement pay. But for someone with Dr.
Mitchell’s background, it was evident that the campaign against Al Qaeda
would produce opportunities. He began networking in military and intelligence
circles where he had a career’s worth of connections. He had grown up poor in
Florida, Dr. Mitchell told friends, and joined the Air Force in 1974, seeking
adventure. Stationed in Alaska, he learned the art of disarming bombs and
earned bachelor’s and master’s degrees in psychology. Robert J. Madigan, a
psychology professor at the University of Alaska who had worked closely with
him, remembered Dr. Mitchell stopping by years later. He had completed his
doctorate at the University of South Florida in 1986, comparing diet and
exercise in controlling hypertension, and was working for the Air Force in
Spokane. “I remember him saying they
were preparing people for intense interrogations,” Dr. Madigan said. Military survival training
was expanded after the Korean War, when false confessions by American
prisoners led to sensational charges of communist “brainwashing.” Military
officials decided that giving service members a taste of Chinese-style
interrogation would prepare them to withstand its agony. Air Force survival training
was consolidated in 1966 at Fairchild Air Force Base in the parched hills
outside Spokane. The name of the training, Survival, Evasion, Resistance,
Escape, or SERE, suggests its breadth: airmen and women learn to live off the
land and avoid capture, as well as how to behave if taken prisoner. In the 1980s, Dr. Jessen
became the SERE psychologist at the Air Force Survival School, screening
instructors who posed as enemy interrogators at the mock prison camp and
making sure rough treatment did not go too far. He had grown up in a Mormon
community with a view of Grand Teton, earning a doctorate at Utah State
studying “family sculpting,” in which patients make physical models of their
family to portray emotional relationships. Dr. Jessen moved in 1988 to
the top psychologist’s job at a parallel “graduate school” of survival
training, a short drive from the Air Force school. Dr. Mitchell took his
place. The two men became part of
what some Defense Department officials called the “resistance mafia,” experts
on how to resist enemy interrogations. Both lieutenant colonels and both
married with children, they took weekend ice-climbing trips together. While many subordinates
considered them brainy and capable leaders, some fellow psychologists were
more skeptical. At the annual conference of SERE psychologists, two
colleagues recalled, Dr. Mitchell offered lengthy put-downs of presentations
that did not suit him. At the Air Force school, Dr.
Mitchell was known for enforcing the safety of interrogations; it might
surprise his later critics to learn that he eliminated a tactic called
“manhandling” after it produced a spate of neck injuries, a colleague said. At the SERE graduate school,
Dr. Jessen is remembered for an unusual job switch, from supervising
psychologist to mock enemy interrogator. Dr. Jessen became so
aggressive in that role that colleagues intervened to rein him in, showing
him videotape of his “pretty scary” performance, another official recalled. Always, former and current
SERE officials say, it is understood that the training mimics the methods of
unscrupulous foes. Mark Mays, the first
psychologist at the Air Force school, said that to make the fake prison camp
realistic, officials consulted American P.O.W.’s who had just returned from
harrowing camps in North Vietnam. “It was clear that this is
what we’d expect from our enemies,” said Dr. Mays, now a clinical
psychologist and lawyer in Spokane. “It was not something I could ever
imagine Americans would do.” Start of the Program In December 2001, a small
group of professors and law enforcement and intelligence officers gathered
outside Philadelphia at the home of a prominent psychologist, Martin E. P.
Seligman, to brainstorm about Muslim extremism. Among them was Dr. Mitchell,
who attended with a C.I.A. psychologist, Kirk M. Hubbard. During a break, Dr. Mitchell
introduced himself to Dr. Seligman and said how much he admired the older
man’s writing on “learned helplessness.” Dr. Seligman was so struck by Dr.
Mitchell’s unreserved praise, he recalled in an interview, that he mentioned
it to his wife that night. Later, he said, he was “grieved and horrified” to
learn that his work had been cited to justify brutal interrogations. Dr. Seligman had discovered
in the 1960s that dogs that learned they could do nothing to avoid small
electric shocks would become listless and simply whine and endure the shocks
even after being given a chance to escape. Helplessness, which later
became an influential concept in the treatment of human depression, was also
much discussed in military survival training. Instructors tried to stop short
of producing helplessness in trainees, since their goal was to strengthen the
spirit of service members in enemy hands. Dr. Mitchell, colleagues
said, believed that producing learned helplessness in a Qaeda interrogation
subject might ensure that he would comply with his captor’s demands. Many
experienced interrogators disagreed, asserting that a prisoner so demoralized
would say whatever he thought the interrogator expected. At the C.I.A. in December
2001, Dr. Mitchell’s theories were attracting high-level attention. Agency
officials asked him to review a Qaeda manual, seized in England, that coached
terrorist operatives to resist interrogations. He contacted Dr. Jessen, and
the two men wrote the first proposal to turn the enemy’s brutal techniques -
slaps, stress positions, sleep deprivation, wall-slamming and waterboarding -
into an American interrogation program. By the start of 2002, Dr.
Mitchell was consulting with the C.I.A.’s Counterterrorist Center, whose
director, Cofer Black, and chief operating officer, Jose A. Rodriguez Jr.,
were impressed by his combination of visceral toughness and psychological
jargon. One person who heard some discussions said Dr. Mitchell gave the
C.I.A. officials what they wanted to hear. In this person’s words, Dr.
Mitchell suggested that interrogations required “a comparable level of fear
and brutality to flying planes into buildings.” By the end of March, when
agency operatives captured Abu Zubaydah, initially described as Al Qaeda’s
No. 3, the Mitchell-Jessen interrogation plan was ready. At a secret C.I.A.
jail in Thailand, as reported in prior news accounts, two F.B.I agents used
conventional rapport-building methods to draw vital information from Mr.
Zubaydah. Then the C.I.A. team, including Dr. Mitchell, arrived. With the backing of agency
headquarters, Dr. Mitchell ordered Mr. Zubaydah stripped, exposed to cold and
blasted with rock music to prevent sleep. Not only the F.B.I. agents but also
C.I.A. officers at the scene were uneasy about the harsh treatment. Among
those questioning the use of physical pressure, according to one official
present, were the Thailand station chief, the officer overseeing the jail, a
top interrogator and a top agency psychologist. Whether they protested to
C.I.A. bosses is uncertain, because the voluminous message traffic between
headquarters and the Thailand site remains classified. One witness said he
believed that “revisionism” in light of the torture controversy had prompted
some participants to exaggerate their objections. As the weeks passed, the
senior agency psychologist departed, followed by one F.B.I. agent and then
the other. Dr. Mitchell began directing the questioning and occasionally
speaking directly to Mr. Zubaydah, one official said. In late July 2002, Dr.
Jessen joined his partner in Thailand. On Aug. 1, the Justice Department
completed a formal legal opinion authorizing the SERE methods, and the
psychologists turned up the pressure. Over about two weeks, Mr. Zubaydah was
confined in a box, slammed into the wall and waterboarded 83 times. The brutal treatment stopped
only after Dr. Mitchell and Dr. Jessen themselves decided that Mr. Zubaydah
had no more information to give up. Higher-ups from headquarters arrived and
watched one more waterboarding before agreeing that the treatment could stop,
according to a Justice Department legal opinion. Lucrative Work The Zubaydah case gave
reason to question the Mitchell-Jessen plan: the prisoner had given up his
most valuable information without coercion. But top C.I.A. officials
made no changes, and the methods would be used on at least 27 more prisoners,
including Khalid Shaikh Mohammed, who was waterboarded 183 times. The business plans of Dr.
Mitchell and Dr. Jessen, meanwhile, were working out beautifully. They were
paid $1,000 to $2,000 a day apiece, one official said. They had permanent
desks in the Counterterrorist Center, and could now claim genuine experience
in interrogating high-level Qaeda operatives. Dr. Mitchell could keep working
outside the C.I.A. as well. At the Ritz-Carlton in Maui in October 2003, he
was featured at a high-priced seminar for corporations on how to behave if
kidnapped. He created new companies, called Wizard Shop, later renamed Mind
Science, and What If. His first company, Knowledge Works, was certified by
the American Psychological Association in 2004 as a sponsor of continuing
professional education. (A.P.A. dropped the certification last year.) In 2005, the psychologists
formed Mitchell Jessen and Associates, with offices in Spokane and Virginia
and five additional shareholders, four of them from the military’s SERE
program. By 2007, the company employed about 60 people, some with impressive
résumés, including Deuce Martinez, a lead C.I.A. interrogator of Mr.
Mohammed; Roger L. Aldrich, a legendary military survival trainer; and Karen
Gardner, a senior training official at the F.B.I. Academy. The company’s C.I.A.
contracts are classified, but their total was well into the millions of
dollars. In 2007 in a suburb of Tampa, Fla., Dr. Mitchell built a house with
a swimming pool, now valued at $800,000. The psychologists’ influence
remained strong under four C.I.A. directors. In 2006, in fact, when Secretary
of State Condoleezza Rice and her legal adviser, John B. Bellinger III,
pushed back against the C.I.A.’s secret detention program and its methods,
the director at the time, Michael V. Hayden, asked Dr. Mitchell and Dr.
Jessen to brief State Department officials and persuade them to drop their
objections. They were unsuccessful. By then, the national debate
over torture had begun, and it would undo the psychologists’ business. In a statement to employees
on April 9, Leon E. Panetta, President Obama’s C.I.A. director, announced the
“decommissioning” of the agency’s secret jails and repeated a pledge not to
use coercion. And there was another item: “No C.I.A. contractors will conduct
interrogations.” Agency officials terminated
the contracts for Mitchell Jessen and Associates, and the psychologists’
lucrative seven-year ride was over. Within days, the company had vacated its
Spokane offices. The phones were disconnected, and at neighboring businesses,
no one knew of a forwarding address. External link: http://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/12/us/12psychs.html |